Fire pumps function either by an electric motor or a diesel engine. If the building configuration requires power independent of the local electric power grid, a pump using an electric motor may utilize the installation of an emergency backup generator.
The fire pump starts when the pressure in the fire sprinkler or hydrant system drops below a predetermined threshold. A sprinkler system pressure drops significantly when one or more fire sprinklers are exposed to heat above their design temperature, and opens, releasing water. A hydrant system pressure drops when a hydrant landing valve is opened and water is allowed to flow freely. Alternately, fire hose reels or other firefighting valves are opened, causing a pressure drop in the fire main. System leaks are also a culprit!
Fire pumps are needed when the local municipal water system (towns main) cannot provide sufficient pressure and/or flow to meet the hydraulic design requirements of the fire sprinkler or hydrant system. This usually occurs if the building is very tall, or in systems that require a relatively high pressure at the fire sprinkler in order to provide a large volume of water, such as in storage warehouses. Fire pumps are also needed if fire protection water supply is provided from a water storage tank.
There are five different pumps generally used for firefighting purposes, namely:
- Horizontal split case pumps
- Vertical split case pumps
- Vertical inline pumps
- Vertical turbine pumps
- End suction pumps
Each of these pumps require a driver. Standard drivers within the Australian market include:
- Diesel engines
- Electric motors